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Exact(6)
For both approaches to assess cost effectiveness, we extrapolated costs at the 12 month follow-up (representing a retrospective three month period) to a one year period (that is, multiplied by four) to match the period reflected by the QALY data, under the assumption that these economic impacts were constant over the assessment period.
33 34 However, these analyses were based on extrapolated costs per episode of VAP, rather than on the true costs generated during the trials.
While comparing these extrapolated costs with the cost of one preventable ADE (€2876), the costs correspond to approximately three ADEs yearly on department level.
Both of these extrapolated costs from research on other cancers: one from a study of colorectal cancer [ 14] and the other from two studies of cervical cancer costs [ 15, 16].
Based on the variation that exists across provinces, we might expect that the extrapolated costs to the missing provinces could be different by +/− 11% for women and +/− 8% for men.
These estimates combined observed costs and survival during the period between the index stroke event and each patient's intermediate endpoint, with extrapolated costs and survival time beyond the intermediate endpoint (other than for patients who died during the follow-up period, for whom only observed costs and survival were used).
Similar(54)
As a secondary analysis we extrapolated cost per quality adjusted life years (QALY) for our data.
As a consequence of these features, extrapolating costs at national level is a very complex exercise.
Decision-analytical models offer the possibility to synthesise evidence from various sources and to extrapolate costs and effects to a relevant setting and time intervals.
It is not generally appropriate to extrapolate costs from studies in different countries due to variation in how health services are provided and organised.
We shall therefore develop a decision model to extrapolate costs and effects beyond the data generated by the trial probably from the hazard rates estimated by the trial.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
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