The mean values and the standard deviations for students' attitudes toward reading presented in Table 3 indicate that most students estimated themselves as quite strong readers.
It appears that most of the PIRLS parents reported having quite a few books in their homes, and estimated themselves to be fairly well-off financially relative to other families.
Students that estimated themselves as "confident" scored better in the MCQ related to pain therapy compared to students who estimated themselves as "non confident", but their rate of correct answers were still rather poor (53% versus 34%; p < 0.05).
Of course, the true effects of the remaining predictors are unknown and have to be estimated themselves, resulting in the iterative backfitting algorithm [ 5].
Instead we assume that individuals only use the 0-1 oftcomeach each fight (whether they estimated themselves to be weaker) and integrate these outcomes of different fights directly in the willingness to escalate.
Despite the fact that we conducted two subsequent baseline data collection waves in the first week of courses, this may be a potential source of bias, as these students could have estimated themselves healthier than those feeling the need to take this course in order to pass the exams.
