Sentence examples for by physical methods such from inspiring English sources

Gaseous oxygen is measured by physical methods such as the paramagnetic, manometric and electrolytic methods.

In general, the metal oxide thin films are prepared by physical methods, such as radio frequency magnetron sputtering and pulsed laser deposition, etc.

Ligand-free metal NPs prepared by physical methods such as pulsed laser ablation and electron beam evaporation can enhance the PCE when introduced into the BHJ.

Epilation or follicle destruction has also been performed by physical methods such as electrolysis and photoepilation.

Removal of this layer by physical methods, such as using solvents [ 9] or by genetic methods [ 22], renders the insect extremely sensitive to desiccation.

With hydrolysis by physical methods such as irradiation with low-frequency ultrasound (20 kHz), partial depolymerization is obtained, reducing the average MW from 2000 kDa down to 450 kDa or from 300 kDa to 50 kDa, but the reduction of molecular weight is limited [ 75].

Recently, it became possible to align and immobilize DNAs by various physical methods such as electric or dielectric force [9], microcontact printing (μCP) [10, 11], fluid flow [12], and molecular combing/surface tension [13, 14].

It has wide applications in different industries including photodetectors [1], sensors [2], solar cells [3], antibacterial for medical products [4 6], cosmetics [7], etc. ZnO nanostructures can be synthesized by various chemical or physical methods such as precipitation [8], sol gel [9], solvo/hydrothermal [10], chemical vapor deposition [11], spray pyrolysis [12], etc.

The catalyst can be pre-obtained by either chemical method (nanoparticles in solution) or physical methods (such as arc plasma or sputtering deposition or thermal treatment of thin film of catalyst on substrate).

From the cloud to established physical methods such as external hard drives and memory, there are plenty of options.

Generally, metal nanoparticles can be prepared and stabilized by chemical, physical, and biological methods; the chemical approach, such as chemical reduction, electrochemical techniques, photochemical reduction [2, 4], and pyrolysis [5], and physical methods, such as Arc-discharge and physical vapor condensation [6], are used.