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Based on the interval which differentiated best between groups, we calculated a laterality index (difference of left and right hemispheric activity divided by their sum) for each subject across all conditions.

Based on this significance criterion, the empirically determined cluster size for each significant cluster is reported in Table 2. Within the clusters that showed two-tailed family-wise error-corrected significant differences between groups, we calculated the mean value of the DTI measure across all voxels within the cluster for each subject.

To evaluate the significance of differences over time and between groups, we calculated incidence ratios with 95% confidence intervals.

To account for differences in TGV between groups, we calculated specific lung mechanics by multiplying the lung mechanics (airway resistance, tissue damping, and tissue elastance) by the TGV.

19 We presented standardised differences as a summary measure of differences between groups; we calculated a standardised difference as the difference between the sample means (or proportions), divided by the pooled standard deviation.

To test for differences in cognitive levels assessed by introductory biology and university physics, we used chi-square analysis, and to quantify the magnitude of the difference between groups, we calculated effect size using Cramer's V, which is an appropriate measure when working with categorical data and chi-square analyses (Smithson, 2003).

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To further examine the genetic isolation and admixture between OA groups, we calculated pairwise LD between all autosomal SNPs.

To compare the incidence rates (IR) for UGIB between age groups we calculated the person-time of exposure based on the assumption that the exposure cohort were all at risk (exposed) for 120 days post incident bisphosphonate use.

Due to lack of information regarding comparison of activation markers between these groups, we calculated a sample size enough to detect a least a difference of 10% in the mean of these cells frequencies with a standard deviation of 14 at a significance level of 5%.

To scrutinize whether differing CA and no-CA network structures, after taking general distress into account, are also the result of differing 'RF- general distress' interrelations between the two groups, we calculated the Shortest Path Lengths ('shortest pathways'; see Fig. 2) between the RFs and general distress, and compared them between the groups.

As the within-group effect sizes are prone to offer biased estimates of the treatment effect, with the five studies that included control groups we calculated between-groups effect sizes.

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