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"You've got these hotspots all through the landscape and those are more likely to burn at high severity and they are more likely to join up," he says.
Feeding FCC naphthas to a second reaction zone operating at high severity allows to increase the propylene yield in a significant manner.
We used controlled rill experiments in logged and unlogged (control) forests burned at high severity in northern Montana, eastern Washington, and southern British Columbia to quantify rill overland flow and sediment production rates (fluxes) after ground-based salvage logging.
For maximizing light olefin production, FCC units should be operated at high severity, which includes high C/O ratios, high temperatures, and short contact time to minimize the hydrogen transfer reaction.
In the work described here, a water soluble fraction (WSF) generated by steam pretreatment of Douglas-fir at high severity conditions was used to create a high gravity (high sugar concentration), multi-stress fermentation environment.
First stage is carried out at low severity for hydrolyzing the hemicellulose while second stage is carried out at high severity for depolymerization of cellulose and increase sugar yield.
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At high severities the samples were darker brown in colour; this is most likely due to the formation of organic acid and furfural products attributed to the caramelisation of the monomeric sugars (Joseph, 1989).
Running the first step at lower severity (mainly lower temperature) and the second step at higher severity (higher temperature) results in increased hemicellulose recovery and improved enzymatic digestibility of the cellulose from the recalcitrant structure of lignocellulosics.
For 2% acid, increasing amounts of enzyme for co-hydrolysis increased xylose yields from near 0%to3%3% for materials pretreated at log CS 1.5, but had little effect on materials pretreated at higher severity.
Results for the less severe pretreatment conditions are depicted in the left half of the figures, and those from the more optimal pretreatment conditions at higher severity are shown on the right.
In spite of the rather high enzyme loadings, corresponding to about 70 FPU/g original glucan in the unpretreated material, the effect of different pretreatment severities was clearly distinguishable, as sugar yields from co-hydrolysis were consistently higher at higher severity and more favourable pretreatment conditions.
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at high virulence
at high stringency
at high degree
at high intensity
at high magnitude
at high gravity
at high extent
at extreme severity
at high magnification
at high wind
at high noon
at high resolution
at same severity
at high volume
at high speed
at high table
at first severity
at high school
at high test
at high risk
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