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Although sustained coevolutionary fluctuations can occur at high virulence costs (cP), it is also possible for static, single resistance equilibria to occur, and this tendency increases as cP increases (Fig 2C).
This is because at high virulence costs it is possible for all virulence alleles to fade out due to stochastic effects (in our model these arise from the random allocation of initial genotype frequencies at the start of each model run), thereby preventing the occurrence of sustained coevolutionary cycles.
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The combined effect of iron-depletion and serotype proved to be modest, indicating that serotypes of both moderate and high virulence at least in vitro are reacting almost identical to iron restriction.
In all, the combined effect of iron-depletion and serotype proved to be modest, indicating that serotypes of both medium and high virulence at least in vitro are reacting almost identical to iron restriction.
Clone BC, for example, induces strong pro-inflammatory responses and causes high virulence at relatively low parasite densities, whereas the avirulent clones AS and CW induce significantly higher plasma concentrations of IL-10 and lower concentrations of pro-inflammatory molecules compared to virulent clones [ 52].
The relatively large number of response genes unique to F. novicida or Schu S4 raised the possibility that some of these differences may help at least in part explain the high virulence of Schu S4.
Moreover, during the course of infection, four out of the five mice died between 4 and 7 dpi, indicating a high virulence of this mutant at 10 PFU.
E. coli O157 H7 is a Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) serotype of high virulence (it can cause disease at a dose of 5 50 cells).
All of the swans used in this study were inoculated at 5 to 6 weeks of age, and the high virulence observed in these species may be attributable to the young age of the birds.
Also, poor living conditions at home and gathering places as well as the infection by high virulence strains as Streptococcus and Staphylococcus ssp.might contribute to increase this association.
The unvaccinated pigs started to show PR-specific clinical symptoms at 1 dpc and died between 4 and 6 dpc, which showed the high virulence of PRV HN1201 variant.
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