Used and loved by millions
Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com
are discussed below
Grammar usage guide and real-world examplesUSAGE SUMMARY
The phrase "are discussed below" is perfectly fine to use in written English.
When you use this phrase, you are typically referring to a list of topics that you will be talking about more in-depth later in the document. For example, you might write, "The benefits of investing in a retirement portfolio are discussed below."
✓ Grammatically correct
Science
Encyclopedias
Academia
Wiki
Alternative expressions(13)
Table of contents
Usage summary
Human-verified examples
Expert writing tips
Linguistic context
Ludwig's wrap-up
Alternative expressions
FAQs
Human-verified examples from authoritative sources
Exact Expressions
59 human-written examples
These are discussed below.
Science & Research
These dynamites are discussed below.
Encyclopedias
Their individual roles are discussed below.
Encyclopedias
(Some cases of reparations are discussed below).
Encyclopedias
Six of these applications are discussed below.
Encyclopedias
All of these concerns are discussed below.
Encyclopedias
These items are discussed below.
Academia
Both are discussed below.
Science
The advantages are discussed below.
Science & Research
These positions and others are discussed below.
Science
Human-verified similar examples from authoritative sources
Similar Expressions
1 human-written examples
The measures are discussed below.
Science
Expert writing Tips
Best practice
When using "are discussed below", ensure that the discussion genuinely follows in a logical and timely manner. Avoid misleading the reader by placing the discussion too far from the initial mention.
Common error
Avoid using "are discussed below" without clearly specifying what "are" refers to. Ensure the subjects being discussed are unambiguous to prevent reader confusion.
Source & Trust
80%
Authority and reliability
4.5/5
Expert rating
Real-world application tested
Linguistic Context
The phrase "are discussed below" functions as a transitional phrase, signaling to the reader that the preceding topic will be elaborated on in subsequent sections. As Ludwig AI confirms, it's widely used to guide the reader through the structure of the text.
Frequent in
Science
61%
Encyclopedias
12%
Academia
5%
Less common in
Wiki
5%
Formal & Business
0%
News & Media
0%
Ludwig's WRAP-UP
In summary, "are discussed below" is a common and grammatically sound phrase used to indicate that a topic will be further elaborated upon later in a text. As Ludwig AI confirms, it's widely accepted. It functions as a transitional phrase, guiding readers through the structure of the writing. While suitable for neutral to formal contexts, it appears most frequently in scientific and academic domains, as seen in the Ludwig examples. When using this phrase, ensure that the subsequent discussion is clear, relevant, and follows logically to avoid confusing the reader. Consider related phrases like "are detailed later" or "will be addressed later" for stylistic variation.
More alternative expressions(10)
Phrases that express similar concepts, ordered by semantic similarity:
are detailed later
Emphasizes the provision of comprehensive information at a subsequent point.
are explored further
Suggests a deeper investigation or analysis will follow.
are examined in detail below
Highlights a thorough scrutiny in the following sections.
will be addressed later
Indicates that certain issues or concerns will be handled subsequently.
will be covered below
Implies a comprehensive overview will be provided.
are outlined below
Focuses on presenting a structured overview in the following sections.
are presented in the next section
Specifies the location where information will be found.
are analyzed hereinafter
Formal term indicating subsequent analysis.
are treated subsequently
Suggests a specific handling or approach later.
are elucidated below
Emphasizes clarification or explanation in the subsequent text.
FAQs
How can I use "are discussed below" in a sentence?
Use "are discussed below" to signal that you will elaborate on certain topics later in your writing. For example, "The advantages of this approach "are discussed below"."
What's a formal alternative to "are discussed below"?
For a more formal tone, consider alternatives like "are analyzed hereinafter" or "will be addressed later".
What's the difference between "are discussed below" and "are described below"?
"Are discussed below" implies a more in-depth analysis or debate, while "are described below" suggests a factual presentation of information.
Is it okay to use "are discussed below" in academic writing?
Yes, "are discussed below" is acceptable in academic writing, as Ludwig's AI confirms, but ensure that the subsequent discussion is thorough and relevant to maintain credibility.
Editing plus AI, all in one place.
Stop switching between tools. Your AI writing partner for everything—polishing proposals, crafting emails, finding the right tone.
Table of contents
Usage summary
Human-verified examples
Expert writing tips
Linguistic context
Ludwig's wrap-up
Alternative expressions
FAQs
Source & Trust
80%
Authority and reliability
4.5/5
Expert rating
Real-world application tested