Used and loved by millions
Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com
after refinement
Grammar usage guide and real-world examplesUSAGE SUMMARY
The phrase "after refinement" is correct and usable in written English.
It can be used to indicate a process or action that occurs following the improvement or enhancement of something. Example: "The final product will be much more effective after refinement of the initial design."
✓ Grammatically correct
Science
News & Media
Table of contents
Usage summary
Human-verified examples
Expert writing tips
Linguistic context
Ludwig's wrap-up
Alternative expressions
FAQs
Human-verified examples from authoritative sources
Exact Expressions
60 human-written examples
Examples showing how the binding pocket changes after refinement in each model are shown in Supplementary Figure S4.
Science & Research
After refinement, the functionality assigned to each component can then be synthesized to hardware or compiled to software.
After refinement, the class-averages of raw particles and the 2D projections of 3D model were generated in two files but paired in order.
Science & Research
And below is an example of after refinement.
News & Media
Apple clearly decided that it liked this concept, and since then it has been refinement after refinement after refinement.
News & Media
Natural Uranium is under 1% U-235, even after refinement.
News & Media
Figure 1d shows the result after refinement of the clusters.
After refinement by low-throughput experiment validation, the performance of the model was improved.
Science
Figure 3 b shows the difference image of the Kinect's amplitude image and the virtual reflectance image after refinement.
The reconstruction after refinement was used as an initial model for the further single particle data processing.
Science
After refinement, the base model consists of 37 slices and 36 layers, respectively, and has more than 900 thousand nodes and 1.75 million elements.
Science
Expert writing Tips
Best practice
When using "after refinement", ensure the subject of the sentence clearly benefits from or is changed by the refinement process. This makes the sentence more impactful and easier to understand.
Common error
Avoid using "after refinement" when the refinement's effect is negligible or unrelated to the main point of the sentence. Make sure the connection between the refinement and the result is direct and significant.
Source & Trust
83%
Authority and reliability
4.5/5
Expert rating
Real-world application tested
Linguistic Context
The phrase "after refinement" functions primarily as a prepositional phrase. It modifies a verb or noun, indicating a temporal relationship where something occurs subsequent to a process of improvement or adjustment. Ludwig examples illustrate its role in specifying when a result or state is achieved.
Frequent in
Science
80%
News & Media
15%
Formal & Business
5%
Less common in
Academia
0%
Encyclopedias
0%
Wiki
0%
Ludwig's WRAP-UP
The phrase "after refinement" is a grammatically sound prepositional phrase commonly used to indicate a state or event occurring subsequent to an improvement or adjustment process. Ludwig AI affirms its correctness and usability, highlighting its prevalence in scientific and technical writing. It serves to specify the timing and impact of a refinement process, typically carrying a formal and scientific tone. While alternatives like "post refinement" and "following refinement" exist, "after refinement" remains a frequently used and well-understood expression across diverse contexts.
More alternative expressions(10)
Phrases that express similar concepts, ordered by semantic similarity:
post refinement
Replaces the preposition "after" with the prefix "post-" while retaining the meaning of something occurring subsequently to the refinement process.
following refinement
Substitutes "after" with "following", emphasizing the temporal succession of events.
subsequent to refinement
Replaces "after" with the more formal "subsequent to", suitable for academic or technical writing.
upon refinement
Emphasizes the immediacy of the following action occurring directly after the refinement process.
once refined
Shifts the focus to the state of being refined and the subsequent actions.
with refinement completed
Highlights the completion of the refinement process as a condition for what follows.
in the wake of refinement
Implies that what follows is a direct consequence or result of the refinement.
as a result of refinement
Explicitly states that the refinement is the cause or reason for the following action or state.
deriving from refinement
Emphasizes that the subsequent action or characteristic originates from the refinement.
stemming from refinement
Similar to "deriving from", but suggests a more organic or natural development from the refinement process.
FAQs
How can I use "after refinement" in a sentence?
Use "after refinement" to indicate a change or outcome that occurs following an improvement or adjustment process. For example: "The model's accuracy significantly increased "after refinement" of the algorithm."
What are some alternatives to "after refinement"?
You can use alternatives like "post refinement", "following refinement", or "subsequent to refinement" depending on the context.
Is "after refinement" the same as "before refinement"?
No, "after refinement" indicates a state or action occurring following an improvement process, while "before refinement" indicates a state or action occurring prior to that process. They are opposites.
Which is correct, "after refinement" or "after refining"?
Both can be correct depending on the sentence structure. "After refinement" is typically used as a prepositional phrase modifying a noun, while "after refining" is used when "refining" is used as a gerund (a verb acting as a noun). For example: "After refinement, the results were clear" vs. "The results were clear "after refining" the data."
Editing plus AI, all in one place.
Stop switching between tools. Your AI writing partner for everything—polishing proposals, crafting emails, finding the right tone.
Table of contents
Usage summary
Human-verified examples
Expert writing tips
Linguistic context
Ludwig's wrap-up
Alternative expressions
FAQs
Source & Trust
83%
Authority and reliability
4.5/5
Expert rating
Real-world application tested