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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com
which represent that
Grammar usage guide and real-world examplesUSAGE SUMMARY
The phrase "which represent that" is not correct in standard written English.
It may be intended to introduce a clause that explains or clarifies something, but it lacks proper grammatical structure. Example: "The data collected from the survey, which represent that the majority prefer option A, will be analyzed further."
⚠ May contain grammatical issues
Science
News & Media
Table of contents
Usage summary
Human-verified examples
Expert writing tips
Linguistic context
Ludwig's wrap-up
Alternative expressions
FAQs
Human-verified examples from authoritative sources
Exact Expressions
6 human-written examples
The experimental data are plotted by open rectangular and solid circular symbols, which represent that the magnetic fields are applied along axes [110] and [1-10], respectively.
Science
Savage's representation theorem gives strong results: starting with a preference ordering alone, we can find a single probability function, and a narrow class of utility functions, which represent that preference ordering.
Science
Second, all the RR values under different attacks are greater than 88.3% for Sets 1-5 images, which represent that the retrieved watermarks are highly correlated with the original watermark.
Figure 10 shows that Na+ and Cl− are strongly correlated with TDS with an R 2 of 0.9374 and 0.9739, respectively, which represent that these ions are the most effective in the mineralization and salinization of the groundwater of the study area.
Science
For example, some speakers will have a clear idea about the meaning they want to express whilst being unable to access the words which represent that meaning, causing them to make lexical errors.
As the vast majority of leachate compositions in the wider dataset were recovered after tephra deposition had abated, it is difficult to draw any comparison between a small number of time-specific samples, representing the leachate chemistry of a single moment or period of the eruption, to samples which represent that of the whole eruption.
Science
Human-verified similar examples from authoritative sources
Similar Expressions
54 human-written examples
We occupy the centre ground, which represents that consensus of British politics and the opinion of British people".
News & Media
But the California bishops said they feared the information could be subpoenaed or inadvertently released, which could leave the bishops vulnerable for having violated California's privacy laws, said Edward E. Dolejsi, executive director of the California Catholic Conference, which represents that state's 12 dioceses.
News & Media
This is the best ER value, which represents that most of the found SPEA2 solutions belong to P F true.
d k is generated uniformly from [1,20] m, which represents that transmissions of secondary users occur in small area.
"But it's kind of been one-off reps that I've been able to do that and I've not been able to put them back to back, which represents that fitness element.
News & Media
Expert writing Tips
Best practice
When you intend to use "which represent that", consider if a more direct verb like "indicate", "suggest", or "demonstrate" would create a clearer and grammatically sound sentence.
Common error
A common mistake is to use "which represent that" when a simpler relative clause or a more direct verb would be more appropriate. For example, instead of saying, "The results, which represent that there is a correlation...", it's better to say, "The results indicate that there is a correlation...".
Source & Trust
80%
Authority and reliability
2.8/5
Expert rating
Real-world application tested
Linguistic Context
The phrase "which represent that" functions as a relative clause, but it's grammatically flawed. It attempts to introduce a clause providing additional information, but the verb usage is incorrect. Ludwig's examples highlight the need for a more appropriate verb such as "indicate" or "suggest".
Frequent in
Science
60%
News & Media
20%
Formal & Business
10%
Less common in
Encyclopedias
5%
Wiki
3%
Reference
2%
Ludwig's WRAP-UP
In summary, the phrase "which represent that" is considered grammatically incorrect. Ludwig AI examples indicate a tendency to use this phrase in scientific and news contexts, attempting to establish a relationship or meaning. However, it is advised to replace it with grammatically sound alternatives such as "which indicate that", "which suggests that", or "which demonstrates that" to ensure clarity and correctness. The authoritative sources point to a mix of scientific and news publications, but the underlying issue remains the grammatical inaccuracy.
More alternative expressions(6)
Phrases that express similar concepts, ordered by semantic similarity:
which indicate that
Changes the verb to "indicate", suggesting a pointing-to or signaling relationship rather than direct representation.
which suggests that
Replaces "represent" with "suggests", implying a more nuanced or indirect connection.
which demonstrates that
Emphasizes the showing or proving aspect of the relationship, using "demonstrates" instead of "represent".
which signifies that
Uses "signifies" to denote a symbolic or representational relationship.
which implies that
Substitutes "represent" with "implies", indicating an indirect or inferred connection.
which reveals that
Focuses on the revealing or uncovering aspect of the relationship.
which confirms that
Highlights the confirmation or validation of a relationship or idea.
which proves that
Stresses the proving aspect of the relationship, using "proves" instead of "represent".
that embody
Uses "embody" to emphasize the concrete expression of an abstract idea.
that exemplify
Uses "exemplify" to highlight something that serves as a typical example of something else.
FAQs
What are some alternatives to "which represent that" that are grammatically correct?
You can use alternatives like "which indicate that", "which suggests that", or "which demonstrates that" depending on the intended meaning.
How can I improve the clarity of sentences using "which represent that"?
Often, you can replace "which represent that" with a stronger, more direct verb that accurately conveys the relationship between the elements you're describing. Consider using verbs like "show", "imply", or "confirm".
What is the difference between "which represents that" and "which indicates that"?
"Which represents that" is not grammatically sound. "Which indicates that" is a correct way to show a sign, signal, or pointing-to relation, suggesting evidence or a connection.
Is "which represents that" ever a correct phrase to use?
According to Ludwig, the phrase "which represents that" is not correct in standard written English. It's better to use alternatives like "which indicates that" or "which shows that".
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Table of contents
Usage summary
Human-verified examples
Expert writing tips
Linguistic context
Ludwig's wrap-up
Alternative expressions
FAQs
Source & Trust
80%
Authority and reliability
2.8/5
Expert rating
Real-world application tested