Used and loved by millions
Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com
which perhaps are
Grammar usage guide and real-world examplesUSAGE SUMMARY
The phrase 'which perhaps are' is correct and usable in written English.
You can use it when you want to express uncertainty or doubt about a particular thing or group of things. For example: The trees lining the street, which perhaps are cherry trees, add an elegant touch to the neighborhood.
✓ Grammatically correct
News & Media
Science
Academia
Table of contents
Usage summary
Human-verified examples
Expert writing tips
Linguistic context
Ludwig's wrap-up
Alternative expressions
FAQs
Human-verified examples from authoritative sources
Exact Expressions
9 human-written examples
Many fans and officials have ties to both universities, which perhaps are more alike than either cares to admit.
News & Media
"In order to do that, we have got to find a way of engaging with communities which perhaps are not naturally inclined to join the soldiering profession".
News & Media
and frequency of driveways carrying a high volume of traffic which perhaps are not considered in any previous such studies.
"The effects are there, but you have to see the environmental impacts of the alternatives, which perhaps are worse," Vengosh said.
Academia
Our findings confirm that the method of extraction of BMSS can induce significant changes in the secondary of BMSS, which perhaps are related to hydrolytic degradative reactions and/or to effects of the processing temperature.
Science
If it does, then following that rule instead of Bayes' rule may have advantages which perhaps are not so readily expressed in terms of money yet which should arguably be taken into account when deciding which rule to go by.
Science
Human-verified similar examples from authoritative sources
Similar Expressions
51 human-written examples
Which perhaps was a stretch.
News & Media
Which, perhaps, isn't the worst possible outcome.
News & Media
No Bordeaux, though, which perhaps was Mr. Cuozzo's real objection.
News & Media
But the only real danger diversity poses, which perhaps is threatening to some, is greater inclusion.
News & Media
"Which perhaps is an indication that we shouldn't take ourselves too seriously".
News & Media
Expert writing Tips
Best practice
Use "which perhaps are" to introduce an element of uncertainty or speculation when describing something. This is particularly useful in academic writing or nuanced discussions.
Common error
Avoid using too many qualifying phrases like "which perhaps are" in a single piece of writing, as it can make your arguments seem weak or indecisive. Strive for a balance between precision and confidence.
Source & Trust
88%
Authority and reliability
4.1/5
Expert rating
Real-world application tested
Linguistic Context
The phrase "which perhaps are" functions as a nonrestrictive relative clause, adding extra, non-essential information to a sentence. It introduces an element of uncertainty or possibility regarding the characteristics or attributes being described. Ludwig AI confirms this usage across various examples.
Frequent in
News & Media
40%
Science
40%
Academia
20%
Less common in
Formal & Business
0%
Encyclopedias
0%
Wiki
0%
Ludwig's WRAP-UP
In summary, "which perhaps are" introduces a nonrestrictive clause to express speculation or possibility, suitable for neutral to formal contexts. According to Ludwig, the phrase is grammatically correct and usable in written English. While not exceedingly common, it appears in reputable sources such as The New York Times and The Guardian. When aiming for greater certainty or formality, consider alternatives like "which may be" or "which might be". Be mindful of overusing such qualifiers to maintain a strong and decisive tone in your writing.
More alternative expressions(10)
Phrases that express similar concepts, ordered by semantic similarity:
which may be
Replaces 'perhaps' with 'may', indicating a possibility.
which might be
Uses 'might' instead of 'perhaps', suggesting a slightly lower probability.
which could be
Substitutes 'perhaps' with 'could', implying a potential but not definite situation.
which possibly are
Replaces 'perhaps' with 'possibly', conveying a sense of uncertainty.
that potentially are
Changes 'which' to 'that' and 'perhaps' to 'potentially', focusing on a future possibility.
that conceivably are
Substitutes 'which' with 'that' and 'perhaps' with 'conceivably', suggesting a possibility, though perhaps unlikely.
which conceivably may be
Combines 'perhaps' with 'may' and 'conceivably' for emphasis on uncertainty.
which one could argue are
Introduces a degree of subjectivity and debate.
that some suggest are
Attributes the suggestion to an unspecified group.
that are rumored to be
Indicates a lack of concrete evidence, relying on rumors.
FAQs
How can I use "which perhaps are" in a sentence?
Use "which perhaps are" to introduce a clause that presents a possibility or something that isn't definitively known. For example: 'The artifacts, "which perhaps are" from the Bronze Age, offer valuable insights into early civilization'.
What's a more formal alternative to "which perhaps are"?
For a more formal tone, consider using phrases like "which may be", or "which might be". These options maintain a degree of uncertainty but are suitable for academic or professional contexts.
Is it always necessary to include "perhaps" when using "which are"?
No, it isn't always necessary. The inclusion of "perhaps" adds a layer of uncertainty. If you're stating a known fact, simply use "which are". The phrase "which are" is used to add descriptive detail about something already mentioned.
Can I use "that perhaps are" instead of "which perhaps are"?
While "which" and "that" are often interchangeable, "which" is generally preferred when introducing nonrestrictive clauses (clauses that add extra information but aren't essential to the sentence's meaning). Using "that" may imply that the clause is essential to identifying what you're referring to.
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Table of contents
Usage summary
Human-verified examples
Expert writing tips
Linguistic context
Ludwig's wrap-up
Alternative expressions
FAQs
Source & Trust
88%
Authority and reliability
4.1/5
Expert rating
Real-world application tested