which includes of

USAGE SUMMARY

The phrase "which includes of" is not correct in written English.
It is a redundant construction and should be avoided in favor of clearer alternatives. Example: "The report, which includes of several case studies, provides valuable insights." (This should be corrected to "which includes several case studies.")

⚠ May contain grammatical issues

News & Media

Science

Wiki

Human-verified examples from authoritative sources

Exact Expressions

6 human-written examples

To the uninitiated - which includes, of course, all readers in the future - such allusions will be opaque without footnotes.

The Guardian - Books

The season, which includes "Of Mice and Men" and "Kiss Me Kate," along with the company's perennial crowd-pleaser (and money-maker) "A Christmas Carol," and the Long Island premiere of "Hula Hoop Sha-Boop,' a 50's musical, was planned by Mr. Sanzel.

The New York Times

It has reached the point where immigration advocates -- who used to rely heavily on moral arguments -- now feel strong enough to use political threats against those who stand in the way of what they want (which includes, of course, more immigrants).

The New York Times

Sunday at noon, "Threads of Time: Labor History on the Lower East Side," a walking tour of the tenement that explores the working worlds of three former residents in the 1870's, 1910's and 1930's, with Bruce Kayton, a historian and political activist, which includes of the museum.

The New York Times - Arts

Sitakunda Upazila occupies an area of, which includes of forest.

Wikipedia

The richness of the model, which includes of just 5 virtual proteins, is astonishing – a huge variety of evolutionary trajectories.

Biology Direct

Human-verified similar examples from authoritative sources

Similar Expressions

53 human-written examples

Which included, of course, the show that really put ITV2 on the map - Secret Diary of a Call Girl.

The Guardian

She became a core member of Odierno's handpicked team, which included of some of the best officers in the military, all of them Iraq veterans.

The Guardian

The videos are in addition to other elements of the "Paper because" campaign, which include, of course, print advertisements.

The New York Times

Stirner describes the relation between the egoist and his objects (which include, of course, other persons) as a property relation.

SEP

Much of which includes news of commercial interest and opens possibilities for real time engagement.

EPJ Data Science

Expert writing Tips

Best practice

Avoid using the phrase "which includes of". Instead, use "which includes" for correct grammar and clearer writing. For example, say "The package, which includes a warranty, offers peace of mind" instead of "The package, which includes of a warranty, offers peace of mind."

Common error

The most common error is using the unnecessary preposition "of" after "includes". This creates a grammatically incorrect phrase. Always omit "of" to ensure your writing is clear and correct.

Linguistic Context

The phrase "which includes of" functions as a relative clause, intending to provide additional information about a noun. However, it's grammatically flawed. Ludwig AI highlights the incorrect usage despite providing examples.

Expression frequency: Uncommon

Frequent in

News & Media

50%

Science

33%

Wiki

17%

Less common in

Formal & Business

0%

Academia

0%

Encyclopedias

0%

Ludwig's WRAP-UP

In summary, the phrase "which includes of" is grammatically incorrect due to the unnecessary presence of the preposition "of". While Ludwig provides examples of its usage, these instances do not validate its correctness. Instead, writers should opt for the grammatically sound "which includes" or other suitable alternatives like "which comprises" or "which consists of" to maintain clarity and grammatical accuracy. The occurrence of this phrase, as Ludwig AI confirms, is often in informal contexts or texts that may lack thorough editing, making it less appropriate for formal or academic writing.

More alternative expressions

Phrases that express similar concepts, ordered by semantic similarity:

which includes

Removes the unnecessary preposition 'of', resulting in a grammatically correct and more concise phrase.

which consists of

Indicates that the items listed are the only components; it's an exhaustive inclusion.

which comprises

Implies that the listed items make up the whole, but it may not be exhaustive.

which encompasses

Suggests a broader inclusion, covering a wide range of elements.

which incorporates

Highlights the integration of certain elements into a larger entity.

that takes in

Informal way of saying something includes or absorbs something.

containing

A simpler way of saying includes, focusing on the presence of specific items.

which features

Highlights the key or notable elements that are part of something.

which covers

Suggests the scope or range of what is included.

involving

Implies participation or connection of certain elements.

FAQs

Why is "which includes of" grammatically incorrect?

The phrase "which includes of" is grammatically incorrect because the preposition "of" is redundant after "includes". The correct form is simply "which includes", as the verb "include" already implies that something is part of a whole.

What are some alternatives to "which includes of"?

Instead of "which includes of", you can use phrases like "which includes", "which comprises", or "which consists of" depending on the context.

How does "which includes" differ from "which consists of"?

"Which includes" suggests that the list of items is not exhaustive, while "which consists of" indicates that the list is complete and definitive. The former implies there may be other unmentioned items, while the latter does not.

In what contexts might I encounter "which includes of", even though it's incorrect?

You might encounter "which includes of" in informal writing, speech, or in texts that have not been thoroughly edited. However, it is advisable to avoid this phrasing in formal or professional contexts.