which have been published

USAGE SUMMARY

"which have been published" is correct and usable in written English.
You can use it to introduce a list of items or ideas that were previously announced, revealed, or released to the public. For example: "The school has published the results of its student surveys, which have been published in the local newspaper."

✓ Grammatically correct

News & Media

Science

Human-verified examples from authoritative sources

Exact Expressions

60 human-written examples

She took up painting and writing poems, several of which have been published in anthologies.

The New York Times

It is composed of thirteen short stories, most of which have been published before.

The New Yorker

His notes, letters and diaries, not all of which have been published, will follow.

The Economist

The Bolcom-Weinstein cabaret songs, which have been published in four volumes, turn up now and then in recitals.

The New York Times - Arts

Mr. Joyce's "Finnegans Wake," parts of which have been published as "Work in Progress," does not admit of review.

The Guardian - Books

He has written 31 books on painters & paintings most of which have been published by the Museum.

The New Yorker

The Bibles, which have been published by the Oxford University Press, are accompanied by a letter from Gove.

The Guardian

Poroshenko has been trying to win agreement for peace proposals, few details of which have been published.

Independent

I've also enjoyed Brian K Vaughan's Saga series (Image Comics), the third and fourth volumes of which have been published this year.

The Guardian - Books

A grinding, persuasive power binds this collection of short fiction and essays, many of which have been published elsewhere in the past two or three years.

The Guardian - Books

"The company is standing by the figures which have been published in the shareholders report," a spokesman said, refusing to elaborate further.

The Guardian - Business

Expert writing Tips

Best practice

When using "which have been published", ensure that the antecedent (the noun the "which" refers to) is clear to avoid ambiguity. For example: "The findings, which have been published in several journals, indicate..."

Common error

Avoid using "that" instead of "which" when introducing non-restrictive clauses. "Which have been published" is appropriate for adding extra information that is not essential to the sentence's meaning. Using "that" in this context would change the meaning to imply the information is essential.

Linguistic Context

The phrase "which have been published" functions as a relative clause, specifically a non-restrictive (or non-essential) clause. It adds extra information about a noun without being crucial to the sentence's core meaning. Ludwig shows multiple examples where this phrase is used to provide supplementary details about studies, documents, or other types of information.

Expression frequency: Very common

Frequent in

Science

41%

News & Media

33%

Formal & Business

10%

Less common in

Wiki

3%

Academia

0%

Encyclopedias

0%

Ludwig's WRAP-UP

In summary, "which have been published" is a common and grammatically sound phrase used to introduce non-essential information about items already in the public domain. As highlighted by Ludwig, it frequently appears in formal contexts, particularly in scientific and news-related sources. When using this phrase, ensure clarity in the antecedent and differentiate it from restrictive clauses that use "that". Remember that its purpose is to provide supplementary detail rather than define the subject itself.

More alternative expressions

Phrases that express similar concepts, ordered by semantic similarity:

that have been released

This alternative focuses on the act of making something available, whether it's data, a statement, or a product.

that have appeared in print

This alternative specifically refers to material that has been printed in a physical publication.

that have been made public

This focuses on the act of disclosure to a wider audience, emphasizing accessibility.

that have been disseminated

This suggests a broader distribution, often implying a deliberate effort to spread information.

that have been circulated

Implies a wider reach and distribution of the information among a specific group or the general public.

that have come out

A more informal way of saying something has been released or published.

that are in the literature

This is mainly used in academic and scientific contexts, referring to existing research.

that have been put forth

This suggests the presentation or proposal of ideas, theories, or information.

that have been documented

This emphasizes the recording and preservation of information.

which are a matter of record

This highlights the official and verifiable nature of the published information.

FAQs

How do I use "which have been published" in a sentence?

Use "which have been published" to add non-essential, descriptive information about something already mentioned. For instance, "The studies, "which have been published" in several journals, show a clear correlation."

What are some alternatives to "which have been published"?

Alternatives include phrases like "that have been released", "that have appeared in print", or "that have been made public", depending on the context.

Is it correct to say "that have been published" instead of "which have been published"?

While both can be grammatically correct, "which have been published" is used for non-restrictive clauses (adding extra information), while "that have been published" is used for restrictive clauses (essential information). The choice depends on whether the clause is essential to the sentence's meaning.

What's the difference between "details of which have been published" and "details that have been published"?

"Details of which have been published" introduces additional, non-essential information about the details. "Details that have been published" implies that only the published details are being considered, making it a restrictive clause.