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Two different transformer failure criteria are assumed: a critical value and a disruptive effect model.
It is shown through the analysis of hot spot temperature and equivalent aging factor that the coordinated strategies proposed here reduce the chances of transformer failure with the addition of plug-in electric vehicle loads, even for an under-designed transformer while uncontrolled and uncoordinated plug-in electric vehicle charging results in increased risk of transformer failure.
The feeder failure rate is 0.065 times/year × km, the distribution transformer failure rate is 0.015 times/year, the average repair times are 5 h (repair rate is 0.2 times/h), distributed exponentially.
The intelligent system combining PCA and BP-ANN algorithms, developed in this research, can be adopted by asset managers in different regions to develop suitable maintenance and repair strategies for transformer failure preventions.
Prolonged operation at elevated temperature degrades insulating properties of winding insulation and dielectric coolant, which not only shortens transformer life but can ultimately lead to catastrophic transformer failure.
Due to the long lead time, the Long Island Solar Farm chose to keep a spare transformer onsite, as transformer failure would have kept the solar farm offline for a long period.
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In July 2009 the commission issued a notice to operating reactors tallying transformer failures at Indian Point 3; the aging Oyster Creek nuclear plant near Toms River, N.J.; and other plants in 2007 and 2008, calling the incidence of that kind of failure "relatively high".
Since people are themselves often grounded (standing on a moist basement floor or leaning against, or otherwise in contact with, metallic plumbing), interior wiring systems have one wire connected to ground to minimize accidents to persons and fire damage in case of lightning, transformer failures, or insulation breakdown in wiring.
It is estimated that 50% of power transformers will survive 50 years of use, that the average age of failure of power transformers is about 10 to 15 years, and that about 30% of power transformer failures are due to insulation and overloading failures.
The system performs real-time monitoring of key parameters and uses data mining and fault prediction models to detect transformers' potential failure under various operating conditions.
The substation P&C integrates functions of line, bus, transformer protections, switch failure; autoreclosure, automatic bus transfer, UFLS, UVLS, overload inter-tripping and substation control function, etc.
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