Exact(1)
On the favoured reading (on which the proposition Homer might have believed is non-trivial), (13) provides a counterexample to the proposed rule that names take scope over metaphysical modals (there might, of course, be a more complex rule in play that can explain both judgments viz. that names take scope over metaphysical modals unless doing so will cause them to scope over an attitude verb).
Similar(7)
In achieving this interpretation, the temporal shifting operator, in a sense, takes scope over the non-root modal.
There are two ways of accommodating these higher-order arguments by means of argument raising: depending on whether one raises first the object argument and then the subject, or vice versa, one obtains two readings for one and the same syntactic derivation: a reading corresponding to the surface order, with ∀ taking scope over ∃, and a reading with the inverted scope order.
The study scope takes into account the demand side, distribution and supply side where biomass CHP (combined heat and power) plant is selected as main supply source.
There is a reading of this discourse on which both sentences in it are true even if there are no witches, so that 'a witch' in the first sentence must take narrow scope with respect to 'Hob thinks'.
Further, in the case of (13), all independent evidence available suggests that a quantifier can't take wide scope over a conditional and bind variables in its consequent (*'If John owns every donkeyi, he beats iti').
He also adopts John Broome's (2004) idea that the relevant norms take 'wide scope.' For instance, it is irrational to [intend E, believe that intending M is necessary to achieve E, and not intend M].
Thus, a requirement of instrumental coherence as such should take "wide-scope".
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com