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Exact(4)
The constraint recognizes that in practice the (stochastic) value of a insurance program will swing between profit and loss.
On the other hand, when the difference between the values of their achievement functions in the objective space is small, the value of the Gaussian stochastic value, (N 0,|{s_infty }{{mathbf{x }}_{R1}}) - {s_infty }(mathbf{x _p})|)), will be large.
In addition, (N 0,|{s_infty }{{mathbf{x }}_{R1}}) - {s_infty }(mathbf{x _p})|)) is a stochastic value obeying a Gaussian distribution with a mean of 0 and a variance of (|{s_infty }{{mathbf{x }}_{R1}}) - {s_infty }(mathbf{x _p})|).
However, it should be noted that even from population sizes of only a thousand individuals, the deterministic calculation of the final epidemic size produces a close approximation to the stochastic value as long as the epidemic takes-off and we are not too close to the threshold value of R0 = 1 (Bailey, 1953; Ludwig, 1975).
Similar(56)
Table 5 summarises the applied stochastic values.
These provided 100 realisations (stochastic values) of the parameter sets from the uncertainty model.
Figure 2 Stochastic values of the intermittent measurements in the simulation.
During a coherence time period, the stochastic values of the channel coefficients acting over each subcarrier are strongly correlated.
The energy demand and the electrical price in a competitive electricity market are uncertain with stochastic values which are usually performed by a probability distribution function.
Actually, it succeeds to model stable business cycles when realistic and stochastic values of the multiplier and accelerator parameters are entered into the system of equations.
In other words, these Markovian-based stochastic properties depicts that the identification of a node behaviour is forecasted only based upon its present stochastic values and not based on the past observations.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com