Study selection The five selected innovations comprised three in total hip replacement (ceramic-on-ceramic bearings, modular femoral necks, and uncemented monoblock cups) and two in total knee replacement (high flexion knee replacement and gender specific knee replacement).
The main contribution of this article is to investigate how different combinations of flexible and stringent mechanisms create the incentives and constraints to shape market selection and innovation.
While the strong property paradigm has proven effective in the context of major leaps forward in genetic engineering, it faces a systematic breakdown when extended to mass selection, where innovation often displays a collective nature.
Therefore, this hybrid model generalizes the quasispecies and replicator equations joining the advantages of both of them: selection and innovation.
Until now, the main approach to allowing mass selection-based innovation to contribute to the sustainable use of biodiversity on farms has been to situate the "traditional practices of farmers as exceptions to the exclusive rights of plant breeders under existing IPR tools".
The sophistication of natural selection's innovations contrasts with the relatively simple changes (e.g., increasing the expression of existing genes) readily achievable by today's biotechnology.
This second issue of the In Practice Newsletter highlights a selection of innovations and lessons learned from UNICEF programming and policy advocacy that might be of potential relevance to the current crises.
