However, this is not so easy without proper modeling of the respiratory pathways under different oxygen concentration.
Trace elements such as Zinc, Mn, Cu, & Fe are involved in yeast metabolism as cofactors for enzymes and as components of respiratory pathways.
Nitrate reduction, catalyzed by membrane bound respiratory nitrate reductase (Nar), is an important step of the denitrification in the anaerobic respiratory pathways employed by a diverse group of bacteria and archaea [13].
In respiratory pathways, sulfite either serves as a primary electron donor or terminal electron acceptor (yielding sulfate or sulfide, respectively), and its conversion drives electron transport chains that are coupled to chemiosmotic ATP synthesis.
Under aerobic conditions, NAD might be still efficiently regenerated via respiratory pathways and by glycerol accumulation, and thus the xylitol yield was not affected by CmADH2A deficiency.
Additionally, genes whose products are involved in aerobic respiration were repressed by intracellular bacteria, probably due to a decreased reliance on aerobic respiratory pathways inside the macrophage.
Hydrogenase-1 (Hyd-1, encoded by hya) and hydrogenase-2 (Hyd-2, encoded by hyb) are energy-conserving respiratory pathways consuming H2 with Hyd-2 acting as the primary consumption hydrogenase [23] [25].
