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For both DEP and DnBP, both the dermal and inhalation pathways resulted in similar exposures.
Chemical exposure may occur through dermal, oral, or inhalation pathways, and compounds such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), pesticides, dioxins, and polychlorinated biphenyls have been studied for decades.
They also demonstrated that particles don't need to dissolve to spread, and that inhalation pathways can be more efficient than circulatory ones.
Because phthalates are not chemically bound to plastics, they can leach into food, water, dusts, and air leading to exposure through ingestion and/or inhalation pathways.
Third, since children have higher inhalation rates per unit of body mass than adults [ 18], they remain disproportionately vulnerable to Pb exposure via inhalation pathways.
Arsenic is carcinogenic in the lung regardless of oral or inhalation pathways of exposure, and it is well established that lung cancer is associated with exposure to > 100 µg/L arsenic in drinking water.
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Comparison of uptake via the dermal pathway with intake via inhalation pathway.
For the inhalation pathway, MOEs below one were obtained for dichlorvos, formaldehyde, hydrogen peroxide, glutardialdehyde, CMI/MI and chlorpyrifos.
The inhalation pathway also shows increasing uptake with increasing age for DnBP, but the trend is less pronounced for DEP.
In our study we chose to focus on the inhalation pathway, because the link between air emission and inhalation is direct and no multimedia distribution is involved.
This was accomplished by differential inclusion and exclusion of the inhalation pathway during repeated controlled exposures of human participants in a large chamber.
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