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We demonstrated a dramatic increase of adenoviral replication (up to 100-fold) in mouse cells via E1B-55K expression and subsequent viral spreading in mouse tissue.
The quasispecies model is a general model of evolution that is generally applicable to replication up to high mutation rates.
Moreover, quantification of viral DNA replication up to 36 hpi showed that although attB-Ad infectious titers were 2 to 3 logs lower than those for control attP-Ad, attB-Ad replicated to the same level as attP-Ad at all time points.
Concentrations of 10-6 M OGF inhibited cell replication up to 30%, whereas NTX increased cell growth up to 35% relative to cultures treated with sterile water.
Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) and chicken anaemia virus are able to maintain a high level of replication up to one month or longer after experimental inoculation (Bolin et al., 2001; Imai et al., 1999) [ 1, 2].
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(ii) Administration of trypsin inhibitor aprotinin suppressed viral replication, up-regulation of trypsins, MMPs, and cytokines as well as ATP depletion, and significantly improved cardiac function.
Trypsin inhibitor aprotinin treatment in vivo and selective trypsin1- and trypsin2-knockdown, particularly the latter, in H9c2 cardiomyoblasts significantly suppressed viral replication, up-regulation of MMPs, and production of active MMP-9 and cytokines, resulting in marked protection against cellular damage, ATP depletion, and apoptosis.
Our present data suggest that administration of the trypsin inhibitor aprotinin and selective trypsin knockdown suppress IAV multiplication by intercepting the interrelationship among IAV replication, up-regulation of trypsins, MMPs, and cytokines, and also suppress ATP depletion and apoptosis in the myocardium and cardiomyoblasts.
When administered to HIV-1-negative human volunteers in trial HIV-CORE 002, HIVconsv vaccines elicited CD8+ effector T cells which inhibited replication of up to 8 HIV-1 isolates in autologous CD4+ cells.
As a result, viral replication decreased up to 100-fold, which protects the cells from some of the toxic effects of VSV infection.
Transient depletion of macrophage membrane cholesterol using MβCD reduced the entry of metacyclic L. i. chagasi promastigotes and prevented their replication for up to 72 h (Fig. 1A).
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