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The second largest cluster contained almost 15% of the motion segments and was characterised by motion segments with reduced disc height, reduced disc signal intensity, disc bulges and a minor degree of disc protrusions and high intensity zones.
The characteristics of disc degeneration, such as dehydration and reduced disc height, were not taken into account.
Disc degeneration was defined as a hypointense disc (grade 3)[ 21, 22] or reduced disc height (grades 2 or 3) [ 22- 24].
In type II cells, such as PC3 prostate cancer cells, there is reduced DISC formation and Bcl-2 or Bcl-xL protect against Fas-mediated apoptosis.
Degenerative disc is common in most patients before surgery; however, it is challenging in modeling to assign material properties to various grades of degenerative disc, such as delamination, dehydration or reduced disc height.
Degenerative discs are common in most patients with ALIF surgery; however, it is challenging in modeling to assign material properties to various grades of degenerative discs, such as delamination, dehydration, or reduced disc height.
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High speed results in large centrifugal forces in discs and simultaneous high temperature reduces disc material strength.
High speed of rotation causes large centrifugal forces in a disc and simultaneous application of high temperatures reduces disc material strength.
In a subsequent study, we changed the stiffness of the spacers by altering their diameter [ 24], and showed that spacers with smaller diameters reduce disc stress and ROM at adjacent levels during extension.
Wilke et al. [ 12] reported that though the Wallis device could reduce disc loading in the lumbar spine during extension, it resulted in minimal change of disc loading during flexion, lateral bending, and rotation, indicating that the device could not effectively distribute the load of the lumbar intervertebral disc.
From a biomechanical point of view, reduced intervertebral disc thickness is closely related: the disk is the fulcrum of a lever in which the resistance is represented by facet joints, and muscles are the power.
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