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A new method of using heart rate to represent energy expenditure: the Total Heart Beat Index.
A combination of Maxwell and Voigt models, with stiffness and damping variable according to the stress and strain rate, to represent nonlinear material responses, is coupled to a relaxation model, in order to represent the Mullins effect (the rubber mechanical behavior also depends on load history).
We used the "success rate" to represent the performance of a method.
Future costs (i.e. cost estimates for the 2nd and 3rd years after diagnosis) were discounted using a 3% annual discount rate to represent their present value.
The gender difference in haemodialysis rates in the very elderly is particularly marked and emphasises the value of calculating age and gender specific rates of RRT rather than using one combined age-standardised rate to represent all those over 75 years.
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In the private evaluation, on the other hand, we use final prices including taxes and different discount rates to represent real decision-making in different sectors appropriately.
In the simulation, the proposed compression scheme therefore makes use of entropies rather than bit rates to represent its performance while a specified visual quality of the reconstructed color image is obtained.
Eleven-year-old Patrick has more personal goals, like earning a high enough rating to represent his school at a chess tournament, which is particularly difficult for him given his ADHD.
To factor in differences in sexual activity rates for the 2 populations, we assumed and imposed on the model a set of age-specific relative rates to represent observed sexual activity patterns for the 2 groups (Technical Appendix Table 1).
Population transmission models of antiretroviral therapy (ART) and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) use simplistic assumptions – typically constant, homogeneous rates – to represent the short-term risk and long-term effects of drug resistance.
26, 28– 30 We considered these rates to represent the weight of hip fracture-related costs for each DRG, based on national estimations provided by the Ministry of Health, which were confirmed by specific analyses performed on the whole hospitalization database from the Tuscany region (about 4 million inhabitants), and on those of the Local Health Authorities of Lecce (about 1 million inhabitants).
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ratio to represent
level to represent
index to represent
proportion to represent
price to represent
rating to represent
percentage to represent
frequency to represent
speed to represent
percentages to represent
ratios to represent
prices to represent
rate to hover
rate to use
rate to take
rate to rise
rate to buy
rate to 15m
rate to come
rate to compute
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com