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The more complicated the mechanism and the longer the list of unknown rate constants, the more data will be needed to estimate them.
A mathematical model is constructed in non-dimensionalized S-system equation form, and the number of unknown rate constants for influxes and effluxes is reduced using the constraints derived from a network structure.
The time complexity scales exponentially with the factor graph degree, which is defined as the maximum number of variable nodes adjacent to any factor node, or the maximum number of unknown rate parameters appearing in any ODE.
Effective models of mitotic control (models that can account for a wide range of important physiological features and that can make trustworthy predictions) require dozen(s) of differential equations (one for each important protein and post-translationally modified form) and an attendant proliferation of unknown rate constants.
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However, this strategy may bias estimates of treatment provision up or down depending on the unknown rate of treatment provision in these encounters.
Note that, in contrast to (1), (2) is subject to exchange-rate risk as the realised return of the long-bill investment depends on the, a priori unknown, rate of a sight-bill at future date t + m.
The unknown rate of false positives raises questions about how to best interpret the data and what level of validation is required.
We decided to include more participants since there is considerable uncertainty in the estimates; we want to be able to cope with an unknown rate of loss due to missing values and to allow exploratory subgroup analyses for hypothesis generation.
In addition, PEM usually fails to detect inversions flanked by long inverted repeats of high identity, such as repetitive elements and segmental duplications (SDs), owing to problems in identifying unique placements for the sequence reads close to the breakpoints [ 37, 38], and it also generates a high (and yet unknown) rate of false positives [ 39].
The mechanistic questions mentioned above have been difficult to address using standard plasmid supercoiled substrates because most type IB topoisomerases cleave DNA nonspecifically and each cleavage site has a different lifetime for the covalent intermediate and an unknown rate of supercoil unwinding.
Some of the unknown rates might then become calculable.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com