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Several human polyomaviruses of unknown prevalence and pathogenicity have been identified, including human polyomavirus 9 (HPyV9).
In these latter cases, of unknown prevalence, the only fertility therapeutic possibility could be the testicular sperm extraction (TESE).
Sample size was estimated on the basis of unknown prevalence of NCD (50% assumed for conservative sample size estimates) with 5% allowable error and 95% confidence level.
Over the past decade, the importance of hepatitis B virus (HBV) mutants has made a transition from an academic phenomenon of unknown prevalence to a factor for consideration during disease diagnosis.
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The minimum sample size of 385 respondents was calculated based on unknown prevalence of smoking (50% assumed for conservative sample size estimates), absolute precision 5%, incomplete questionnaires, and 95% confidence limits (33).
Additionally, it considers the high prevalence of undiagnosed SDB and thus, avoids the potential confounder of an unknown prevalence of OSAS and SDB in a control group with which studies are confronted, comparing patients with and without a previous diagnosis of OSAS.
As the standard deviation was a function of this unknown prevalence, we took the maximal possible value of the standard deviation (22 ).
To calculate the sample size, we needed the standard deviation of the unknown prevalence.
A sample size of 2530 was calculated with 50% prevalence (to maximize the sample size in the case of an unknown prevalence), 3% error, 95% confidence level, design effect 2 (to prevent clustering effect) and 20% non-response.
The urn randomisation allows stratification for either large or small number of covariables with unknown prevalence.
A minimum required sample size of 384 workers was calculated based on an unknown prevalence of unsafe sexual behaviour with a 5% margin of error and 95% CI.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com