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Exact(8)
In particular, the interactive effects of multiple stressors is not well known.
Of course, modulation of toxicological effects by multiple stressors is not only relevant for ecotoxicological aspects in urban areas but for all ecotoxicological studies that contain more than one individual as many external and internal factors may modulate the effects of a substance (Figure 1).
However, the reality of multiple stressors is their potential to act independently in some regions, and synergistically in others.
The evaluation of combined effects of multiple stressors is more than a technical challenge.
Assessment of multiple stressors is examined by Menzie et al. (2007), and Ryan et al. (2007) discuss using biomarkers in cumulative risk assessment.
In practice, measuring or estimating concurrent exposure to multiple stressors is not straightforward, even if the toxicologically relevant temporal, spatial, and sociodemographic aspects are known.
Similar(52)
Additional contributions with a focus on current developments in any field of ecotoxicology, environmental chemistry or ecology or which specifically address the importance of multiple stressors are welcome.
Recent studies have shown that the effects of multiple stressors are often complex and difficult to predict based on the effects of single stressors.
Future studies that examine these interactions between drought and other stressors may be fruitful as the likelihood of dieback and mortality appears to be greater when multiple stressors are involved.
For many species experiencing population declines, multiple stressors are affecting their populations.
It should also be noted that many environmental factors could be considered stressors in a complex environmental mixture, and as with all real-world situations, multiple stressors are likely involved at our NS sites.
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