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Typically each male has zero or multiple matings to make, and there is a ranking for each mating, rather than for each male, such that matings for a given male are generally dispersed throughout the ranked list.
As indicated by the increase in total offspring production with prolonged access to mates, females of C. remanei are sperm-limited, requiring multiple matings to fertilize all of their eggs (Fig. 1).
However the claim that the substantial direct costs of multiple matings to females can be compensated for by their offspring acquiring indirect genetic benefits or "good genes" has been questioned by recent studies [16], [17].
In contrast, N. californicus females need multiple matings to reach the maximum LRS (Gotoh & Tsuchiya, 2008; Schausberger et al., 2014).
For example, larger females developing in cooler climates may produce substantially more offspring, requiring multiple matings to gain sufficient supplies of viable sperm for complete fertilization.
Similar(55)
At this mating rate, fecundity costs due to multiple matings appear to be offset through reduced embryo mortality [ 23, 24].
Third, female fitness is maximized at an intermediate mating rate, where fecundity costs of multiple matings appear to be offset through increased offspring viability [ 23].
For example, in dendrobatid frogs, brood sizes decreased significantly after multiple matings due to decreased male parental effort [ 4].
This is also supported by the fact that the content of a full prostate gland can be enough for multiple matings, up to 3 inseminations (Koene and Ter Maat 2007; Koene et al. 2009).
In addition, the cost to females of mating, multiple matings, and male harassment to females was evaluated.
This leads us to the question whether T. tabaci females can distinguish a previous mate from a new one and respond to multiple matings accordingly, but this remains to be examined.
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