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Exact(5)

The resulting interaction may range along a continuum where at the one end we find superinfection with a single strain dominating the entire host, and at the other end of the continuum, we find multiple infection with several pathogen genotypes co-infecting the same host individual (de Roode et al. 2005; Bell et al. 2006; López-Villavicencio et al. 2007; Ben-Ami et al. 2008).

The developed assay represents a simple and efficient diagnostic for co-detection of tropical theileriosis, bovine babesiosis and anaplasmosis, and may be a valuable tool for epidemiological studies aimed at assessing the burden of multiple infection with tick-borne pathogens and improving control of the associated diseases in endemic regions.

Two populations of genotype 3 virus were observed in the hypervariable regions and open reading frames 2 and 3, indicating multiple infection with hepatitis E virus.

Most reports of multiple infection with different hepatitis E virus (HEV) variants can be ascribed to immunodeficiency of the host or to high frequencies of infection.

In the 14 cervical cancer cases, single HPV 52 infection was detected in three and HPV 18 was also detected in three cases including one multiple infection with HPV 6. HPV 16 was detected two times, HPV 31, HPV 33 and HPV 39, HPV42 and HPV 45 were detected once.

Similar(55)

Multiple infections with FZTs were common: 54.5% of patients were infected with 2 trematode species, 33.3% with 3 species.

Our data also indicate that Wytham badgers undergo multiple infections with T. pestanai over time and that they can remain infected for prolonged periods.

Three cases (5.4%) had multiple infections with serovars: 1.D/E, 2.D/F, and 3.F/K.

Phylogenetic analyses of these sequences demonstrated the frequent occurrence of multiple infections with distinct porcine TTVs of the same genogroup.

As a result of multiple infections with the bacterial carrier, the growth of HER2/neu-positive breast cancer cells was completely arrested.

The HPV oligonucleotide DNA microarray genotyping detected 36 infections with a single high-risk HPV type and 5 multiple infections with several high-risk types.Taken together, these results demonstrate the sensitivity and specificity of the HPV DNA microarray approach.

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