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"What's remarkable is that multiple independent lineages of butterflies have evolutionarily stumbled on this," said Richard Prum, an evolutionary ornithologist at Yale University and one of the study's authors.
These findings suggest that stramenopiles and alveolates evolved from a single, photosynthetic ancestor, and secondary loss of photosynthetic ability (or plastid as a whole) took place in multiple, independent lineages in the two groups.
It cannot easily be explained by multiple losses of WRKY genes in multiple independent lineages.
Our analysis revealed multiple independent lineages of S. Newport, two of S. Bareilly, two of S. Saintpaul, and two of S. Muenchen.
Although our analysis included 15 genera possessing C3-C4 species, within two of these genera there are multiple independent lineages of intermediates.
Out of the 150 mutations observed, 32 (21%) were not unique and out of the 131 polymorphic loci identified, 13 (10%) were affected in multiple independent lineages.
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The absence of one-to-one orthologous relationships between individual anole, human and coelacanth protocadherin β genes suggests that these genes were derived from multiple, independent lineage-specific gene duplication events in their respective subclusters.
Notably, genes such as Mnd1 and Dmc1 that are found in vertebrates but missing in Drosophila and Caenorhabditis are present in Schistosoma and Bombyx, which suggest multiple independent lineage-specific losses of these genes during the evolution of animals.
Multiple independent lineage-specific gene duplications are shown in the tree for medaka, zebrafish and within poeciliids.
The evolution of the PC-esterase family is characterized by multiple independent lineage-specific expansions of various subfamilies in both plants and animals.
It mostly infects ducks and has also evolved into multiple independent H6 lineages in Taiwan and the Mainland of China, respectively.
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