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Confocal image stacks with 1-µm spacing were collected from the most vascularized area in the middle of the tumors using a 20x lens with a Solamere micro-lensed spinning disk confocal microscope (Solamere Technologies, Salt Lake City UT) equipped with an intensified charge-coupled device (ICCD) camera (XRMega-10EX S-30, Stanford Photonics, Palo Alto, CA).
Intratumoral microvessel density (MVD) was recorded by counting CD34-positive vessels in the most vascularized area in four × 200 fields [ 10].
In cases where the most vascularized area was not obvious, two or more optical fields were photographed and the field with the highest MVD was finally chosen for further analysis.
Blood vessels were stained with antibody to von Willebrand Factor and MVD was quantitated using two methods: average density throughout the section (a-MVD) and density in the most vascularized area or 'hot spot' (h-MVD).
The area of a tumor to be imaged was determined according to 3 conditions as reported previously [ 27, 29]: (a) the whole tumor, if possible, should be seen on the image; (b) the sectional plane should contain the solid part (wall, septa, and papillae) of the tumor; and (c) the most vascularized area was selected.
Similar(55)
These observations corroborated the results that the PEG coverage leads to an improved systemic distribution and to the lighting of the most vascularized areas such as the lower limb and liver, which permanently shelters about 10%% of the total blood [29, 30].
Five of the most vascularized areas within a tumor ("hot spots") identified based on CD31 positivity were chosen at low magnification and vessels were counted in a representative high-power (x400) field in each of these areas.
Microvascular density was determined by manually counting CD31-positive vessels in 5∼15 most vascularized areas of each section under 400× magnification as described (Weidner and Folkman, 1996).
Three most vascularized areas in the CD34 stained tumor section known as "hotspots" were identified under the low power magnification after scanning first at ×40 and then ×100 magnification following the Weidner's method of selection of vascular hotspots [ 40].
Microvessels in the five most vascularized areas in a 200× magnification field (0.74 mm2) were counted simultaneously by two observers, and the average value of the five fields was calculated.
Ten most vascularized areas (hot spot) were selected at low magnification and single red-brown stained endothelial cells, endothelial cell clusters, and microvessels, clearly separated from adjacent microvessels, tumour cells, and other connective tissue elements and MCG/D were counted at ×400 fields in a 0.19 mm area.
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