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In the past, hybrids were characterized solely based on morphology, however the use of morphological traits alone may not be sufficient to identify all hybrids or introgressed individuals [ 12], which was demonstrated by Hardig et al. [ 13] that failed to detect several hybrids between Salix eriocephala and S. sericea with only morphological characters.
In our previous paper using plant morphology (Bechkri and Khelifi 2016), our results have demonstrated that in the V. sativa using morphological traits alone do not provide a stable grouping.
Among transformants, diploid plants cannot be distinguished from haploid plants using morphological traits alone [ 37].
Analysis of morphological and molecular information provides a more solid basis to define the characteristics of a breed than the use of morphological traits alone.
The estimation of genetic variation on the basis of morphological traits alone, which are the product of gene and environmental interactions, does not determine the actual level of genetic variation among studied individuals [ 10].
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These results suggest that morphological trait analysis alone may not show sufficient genetic diversity in the same species because available traits are limited and some of the traits are not inheritable and vary with different environmental conditions; furthermore, there may be bias in the description of morphological characters (Ravi et al. 2003; Baránek et al. 2006; Yook et al. 2014).
However, Price (1989) considered it highly artificial to divide the family on the basis of shoot dimorphism alone, with which other morphological traits show little concordance.
We applied two procedures: the first one was previously used for the separation of Q. robur, Q. petraea and Q. pubescens in Central Europe on the basis of pubescence alone [ 21]; the second approach considers leaf morphological traits and was used by [ 8] for distinguishing Q. robur from Q. petraea.
These plants were also examined for the above morphological traits.
Morphological traits of leaf hairs depend on species.
Light availability affected population stability indirectly by altering morphological traits.
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