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A combination of these molecular methods shed light on the origin and evolution of the mangrove hybrid B. × rhynchopetala, which was previously unclear based on morphological characters alone.
As morphological characters alone are often insufficient for recognizing natural units, the analysis of nucleic acid sequences has significantly accelerated the progress towards achieving this challenging systematic goal.
Parsimony analyses undertaken by Sallam et al. [16] found Gaudeamus to be either nested within Caviomorpha (based on unconstrained parsimony analysis of morphological characters alone), or the sister group of Hystricidae, when analyses were constrained by a molecular scaffold and/or a chronobiogeographic character.
Hence it is not possible from morphological characters alone to determine crown-group affinity.
A single most parsimonious tree resulted from the analysis of the morphological characters alone.
Morphological characters alone supported the Old World Ropalidiini and the New World Epiponini and Mischocyttarini with bootstraps of 64%, 85%and91%1% respectively.
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We conducted phylogenetic analyses using: (i) morphological characters only (80 species × 220 characters), (ii) molecular characters only (76 species × 6032 characters), and (iii) combined morphological and molecular data (80 species × 6252 characters).
Based on morphological and morphogenetic characters alone, the sibling species Stylonychia lemnae and Stylonychia mytilus, members of the Stylonychia mytilus complex, can hardly be distinguished.
In the past, hybrids were characterized solely based on morphology, however the use of morphological traits alone may not be sufficient to identify all hybrids or introgressed individuals [ 12], which was demonstrated by Hardig et al. [ 13] that failed to detect several hybrids between Salix eriocephala and S. sericea with only morphological characters.
Only five morphological characters (2% of our morphological matrix) were coded as polymorphic.
Unfortunately, we collected only shared derived morphological characters, eschewing autapomorphies.
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