Sentence examples for molecular clock see from inspiring English sources

Studies show that these accumulated differences result from changes whose rates are, in a certain fashion, fairly constant hence, the concept of the molecular clock (see evolution: The molecular clock of evolution)—which allows scientists to estimate the time of the split from knowledge of the DNA differences.

To reinforce the HT hypothesis, the divergence times of both retroelements were calculated using the molecular clock (see Material and Methods).

Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo was conducted by BEAST v1.4.8 using the GTR+Γ+SRD06 [ 75] model of nucleotide substitution and strict molecular clock (see Methods for details).

Following Bininda-Emonds et al. [ 117], divergence times on the supertree only were determined using a combination of fossil calibration points and molecular dates under the assumption of a local molecular clock (see [ 118]).

To tentatively date the major cladogenetic events in the haplochromines, we constructed a chronogram based on a maximum likelihood tree with constraint molecular clock (see above for search parameters).

Although the use of molecular data to estimate divergence times goes back to the mid 60's of the past century [ 1], the number of studies that include time estimation has increased rapidly over the last decade due to the ever increasing amount of DNA sequence data and the development of new algorithms that relax the limiting assumptions of the molecular clock (see reviews of [ 2- 4]).

According to the molecular clock calculations (see above), the hemocyanins of Pycnogonida and Euchelicerata diverged ~543 Ma.

We made seven different cross types from different species combinations representing five different genetic distances, covering absolute divergence times of between a few thousand years to 2.7/3.8/7.4 million years depending on the molecular clock used (see Table 2).

This means that divergence times obtained from other sources, i.e., [ 24, 36], possibly overestimate telmatherinid and melanotaeniid clade ages, again highlighting the issues related with molecular clock analyses (see Discussion above).

This is commonly done by measuring the genetic distance between two species and, assuming mutations occur at a constant rate, applying an external calibration to convert those distances into geological time (for a review of molecular clock methods, see [ 2]).

One the molecular side, the recognition that rates of molecular evolution are often not clock-like (including birds [ 23, 40- 42]), and that lineage-specific heterogeneity is common [ 43], has spurred the development of numerous 'relaxed' molecular clock methods (see reviews in [ 44- 46]).