Sentence examples for molecular evolution see from inspiring English sources

The RAG-1 data were simulated using a single input tree and model of molecular evolution (see below).

It has been proposed that ancestral small size in metazoan lineages would have increased rates of molecular evolution (see discussion in [ 21]).

Because of that, according to the nearly neutral theory of molecular evolution (see [ 41] for a recent review), natural selection is expected to be less efficient to create and/or maintain this sequence motif in the X chromosome.

Actually, evidences of both neutral and non-neutral evolution have been found in different Mytilus taxa and populations, results that were considered in line with a nearly neutral model of molecular evolution (see discussion).

We tested this hypothesis using simulations of molecular evolution under standard models of molecular evolution (see Materials and Methods), but we found that at the range of indel to substitution ratios consistent with the yeast polymorphism data (0.05 0.1), estimates of substitution rate are still accurate to long evolutionary distances (supplementary fig. S3, Supplementary Material online).

Note that this distance-based approach does not require specifying a nucleotide substitution model or correcting for multiple substitutions; the branch lengths are approximately proportional to the product of the time since divergence and the branch-specific rate of molecular evolution (see [ 49] for a discussion).

A total of 73 nucleotide and 90 peptide sequences were aligned using the default settings in Geneious Pro, version 3.8.5 [ 72] then manually adjusted for optimal alignment prior to the following molecular evolution analyses (see Additional file 1: Figure S1 and S2).

We do not exclude a biological significance of such fragments per se, but set the scope to full-length candidate genes exclusively to obtain a uniform dataset to facilitate comparisons of molecular evolution rates (see below).

In response to these criticisms, molecular dating methods have now been developed that allow for variation in rate of molecular evolution (for reviews see [ 22, 23]).

If selective constraint is reduced over small time scales consistently higher rates of molecular evolution should be seen between very closely related species.

To play ACAGATATA, students should be aware of basic concepts of genetics and molecular evolution -for a review, see textbooks by Lehninger et al. (2008) and Lewin (2007).