Although BMI was not an empirical confounder of the association between urbanisation and diabetes prevalence, findings from models with adjustment for BMI are shown in ESM Table 2.
In the current study, the attenuated association between asthma and NO2 continuously measured at the community monitor in models with adjustment for TRP also suggests that NO2 was not causally related to asthma.
The SAS software (Cary, North Carolina, USA) was used to estimate ANOVA or ANCOVA-like linear mixed models with adjustment of parameters for the interaction with MICA expression intensity.
The associations between vascular assessment parameters, categorized by AUC cut-off values, and event-free survival were evaluated using Cox regression models with adjustment for potential confounding variables.
We included multiplicative terms in the Cox regression models, with adjustment for other potential confounders.
Lung cancer death risks during the follow-up were analysed in relation to the estimated time-dependent exposures, both continuous and grouped, using Cox regression models, with adjustment for age.
Hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated using Cox proportional hazards models with adjustment for age, BMI, hypertension, smoking, and parity.
Analyses were carried out using Cox proportional hazards models with adjustment for known risk factors and covariates.
We also compared the relative associations of categories of HbA1c and fasting glucose by race/ethnicity for each of the clinical outcomes using Cox proportional hazards models with adjustment for possible confounding factors.
The risk of stroke mortality Hazard Ratio (HR) and 95% Confidence Interval was calculated in relation to arsenic exposure was estimated by Cox proportional hazard models with adjustment for potential confounders.
Relative risk for experiencing a MACE was assessed using Cox proportional hazard models with adjustment for age, sex, medication use, plasma CRP levels, alcohol consumption, and Framingham ATP-III risk score (which includes diabetes status).
