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Early cognitive models of mania posit that a cognitive triad consisting of unrealistically optimistic beliefs about the self, world and future may predispose vulnerable individuals to develop manic symptoms.
The LHK model differs from currently existing models of mania such as the psychomotor stimulant-induced hyperactivity model (Berggren et al. [1978]; Furukawa et al. [1975]; Jacobs and Silverstone [1986]), dopamine transporter knockdown mice (Perry et al.[2009]), CLOCK mutant mice (Roybal et al. [2007]), or the Madison mice (Scotti et al. [2011]) in three aspects.
These characteristics of behavior are similar to those observed in mouse models of mania [14] and ADHD [16].
Potassium channel dysfunction appears mechanistically important in animal models of mania and may be relevant to the actions of lithium (32).
Indeed, recent studies showed that the chronic inhibition of CK1δ/ε rescues pathological behaviors in animal models of mania and alcoholism.
In murine models of mania (KCND2/Kv4.2 knockout; ClockΔ19), genetic deletion or experimental manipulation of potassium currents attenuates physiological and behavioral correlates of mania and dose-dependently increases phosphorylation of GSK3β in prefrontal cortex and hippocampus (36).
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Administration of d-amphetamine (d-AMPH) is a relevant animal model of mania and it increases oxidative stress in rat brain.
This study was designed to investigate the protective effect of melatonin in a preclinical animal model of mania induced by ouabain (OUA).
In this study, we investigated a novel animal model of mania induced by delivering brief stimulation pulses to the lateral hypothalamus.
Based on many clinical and preclinical findings the 'vigilance regulation model of mania' postulates that an unstable regulation of wakefulness is a pathogenetic factor in both mania and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and induces hyperactivity and sensation seeking as an autoregulatory attempt to stabilize wakefulness.
An animal model of mania (induced by amphetamine; see "Sensitization models and neurotransmitters in general"), however, showed increased cytokine levels in plasma and brain, which could together with the mania-like behavior be reversed by lithium treatment (Valvassori et al. 2015).
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