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AgNPs might have been attached to the surface of the cell membrane of microorganisms, leading to the disturbance of its functions like permeability and respiration.
Indeed, these compounds have also shown antimicrobial effects, playing an important role in fruits' protection against pathogenic agents, penetrating the cell membrane of microorganisms, causing lysis (Ayala-Zavala and González-Aguilar 2011).
It is reported that the positive charge on the silver ion is the reason for antimicrobial activity as it can attract the negatively charged cell membrane of microorganisms through the electrostatic interaction (Dibrov et al. [2002]; Hamouda et al. [2000]).
Chitosan is a polymer derived from crustacean exoskeletons that binds to and disrupts the cell wall and membrane of microorganisms due to its cationic charge in weakly acidic environments.
The antibacterial activity of the terpenoids is mostly dependant on the interaction with the cell membrane of microorganisms.
This activity was demonstrated using transmission electron microscopy by rupturing the plasma membrane of microorganisms and observing consequent leakage of cytoplasmic content and cell death.
Similar(54)
The development of resistance to membrane active peptides whose sole target is the cytoplasmic membrane is not expected because this would require substantial changes in the lipid composition of cell membranes of microorganisms (Hancock [2001]).
Several possible mechanisms, including the penetration of the cell envelope and disorganization of bacterial membrane [10], the photocatalytically generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) on oxide surface [11], and Zn2+ ion binding to the membranes of microorganisms [20], have been suggested.
In addition, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis indicated that the surfaces of the treated pathogens underwent obvious morphological changes compared with the untreated controls, suggesting that this antimicrobial peptide exerts its action by directly disrupting membranes of microorganisms.
Hydrophobic compounds such as carvacrol influence biological membranes of microorganisms [ 22].
Being cationic in nature, AMPs show strong interaction with negatively charged components of lipidic membranes of microorganisms leading to the formation of ion channels and transmembrane pores (10).
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