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Details of the Dutch twin cohort and the phenotypic measures used have been described by previously [22].
The self-report sitting measures used have, however, demonstrated good validity and reliability [ 23, 24].
The validated psychological and behavioral measures used have been previously described (4) and are briefly summarized.
The outcome measures used have been chosen to provide objective measures of behaviour without undue inconvenience to participants.
Although the measures used have been validated, they have not been widely used in the emergency setting.
The study methods and measures used have been described in detail elsewhere [ 24] and are summarised below.
Similar(49)
However, variability in the measures used has made synthetic interpretation of results difficult.
For example, very few of the studies reported the method of randomisation or whether the outcome measures used had established reliability and validity.
All psychological measures used had reliability (internal consistency), using Cronbach's alpha (0.91 for Profile of Mood States (POMS); 0.93 for PDS; O.91 for CES-D; and 0.88 for STAI).
In order for a measure to reliably evaluate treatment efficacy, it is important that the measure used has adequate responsiveness.
Further, the measure used had a ceiling effect (about half of the participants reporting no barriers).
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