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We excluded variance in frequency modulation because of high inter-correlation (i.e. r>0.8) with other parameters (variance in frequency modulation – variance in amplitude modulation, r = 0.87; variance in frequency modulation – mean frequency modulation, r = 0.85) [28].

However, none of the physical sound parameters measured with Sound Analysis Pro, namely duration, mean power, mean Wiener entropy, mean frequency modulation and mean pitch shows any significant consistency across birds in the correlation with the BOLD response volume or magnitude, irrespective of whether we look at repeaters or non-repeaters (data not shown).

We extracted the following acoustic features to characterize the acoustic variability within and between fledglings: (1) call duration (ms), (2) mean amplitude (dB), (3) variance in amplitude modulation, (4) mean frequency (Hz), (5) mean frequency modulation, (6) variance in frequency modulation, (7) mean entropy, (8) variance in entropy, (9) mean pitch (Hz) and (10) mean pitch goodness.

The durations of call parts and mean frequency modulation showed PIC values higher than one in both call parts.

In the first call part mean frequency modulation and variance in amplitude modulation were not significantly affected by hunger (Table 1).

Mean frequency modulation fits these predictions by showing a very high individuality in both call parts and an independence from hunger level in the first part of the call (variance components, Table 1).

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Sir Michael Checkland, whom he made director general after he sacked Alasdair Milne, remarked in exasperation when he fell from grace in his turn, that he expected a BBC chairman to know that FM "means frequency modulation, not fuzzy monsters".

The song structure may be summarized using a set of song features such as the amplitude, pitch, mean frequency, amplitude modulation, frequency modulation, continuity in time, continuity in frequency (a definition of these features may be found at [12], [3]).

We used the first two Slepian sequences (calculated by dpss function in MATLAB) with NW parameter = 4. (2) Features including sound amplitude, mean frequency, Wiener entropy, frequency modulation (FM), and pitch are calculated.

Temporal variation of sound can also be characterised by other means such as frequency modulation.

SAP calculates the mean absolute deviation of pitch, frequency modulation (FM), Wiener entropy, and pitch goodness, and computes the Euclidean distance between these measures between samples.

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