Several disease markers are employed for diagnosis and are important to determine epidemiological and molecular characteristics for future control measures.
A resolution can be decoded independently from the remaining higher resolutions (definitely for resolution progression and at least at the lowest quality for layer progression and always if SOP and EPH markers are employed which signal packet borders).
Identical genotypic patterns may not indicate clonality, even when multiple genetic markers are employed.
Several markers are employed to measure the severity of clinical symptoms of experimental atopic dermatitis including degree of scratching, pruritic skin lesion, and levels of pathogenic cytokines including IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 and IFN-γ.
In crop improvement programs, molecular markers are employed for (1) studying the relationship among lines [ 35], (2) QTL mapping in breeding populations [ 36], (3) marker-assisted foreground- and background selection [ 37], and (4) genomic selection [ 38, 39].
Following this procedure a degree of map inflation still remained compared with those published previously for BnaSNDH [ 7, 16] and BnaDYDH [ 19, 25], which is often encountered when large numbers of markers are employed due to the cumulative effect of the low background error rate.
