Anterior-wall location of a MI has historically been considered a surrogate marker for potential focal dyskinesia leading to LV aneurysm or thrombus complication, which some estimate occurs in approximately one-third of individuals within the first 2 weeks following an anterior MI [26].
Furthermore, histological changes in the mdx mouse model are often used as a surrogate marker for potential therapeutic benefit.
Furthermore, methylation in noncancerous tissues is now considered as a marker for potential cancer risk and previous exposure to certain carcinogenic factors (Nakajima et al. 2008).
If MMAIII turns out to be carcinogenic, an increased or decreased amount in the urine might prove useful as a marker for potential future arsenic-mediated cancer.
For example, only one in every 262 cells+ cells was able to initiate colon cancer (O'Brien et al, 2007), demonstrating that although CD133 is a marker for potential cancer stem cells it is not a definitive marker for this tissue.
However, in patients under high dose steroid treatment, these areas of edema may represent an early stage of AVN and should be considered a marker for potential progression to advanced osteonecrosis.
