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The TE-HCS had a normal histological structure which contained regularly aligned collagen fibers and differentiated HCS cells with positive expression of marker and functional proteins, mimicking a native HCS.
Large variations in these functional traits of accessions from different geographic locations and significant correlations between functional traits would provide the potential for selecting heat tolerant accessions and evaluating reliable SSR marker by association analysis between marker and functional traits.
To address this hypothesis, at the end of the last feeding cycle, DNA samples from both reactors were analysed by using the 16S rRNA gene as a molecular marker and functional biomarkers such as genes involved in the nitrogen metabolism.
As many of the SNPs reside outside coding regions of the genes, this may reflect that these SNPs were simply markers for other SNPs, and that the LD between the marker and functional SNP varies with ethnicity [31].
A pharmacologic intervention may be considered disease-modifying if it provides consistent and sustained improvements in structural (e.g., reduction in exacerbations as surrogate marker) and functional (e.g., improvement in FEV1 and exercise tolerance as surrogate marker) parameters.
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Quantified cell responses included gene expression, protein expression, commonly used cell surface markers, and functional assays.
RNA-Seq technology has been widely applied to transcriptomics, genomics and the development of molecular markers, and functional gene studies.
Similar to traditional QTL mapping, genome-wide association mapping relies on the strength of linkage disequilibrium (LD) across a diverse population, and aims to identify relationships between markers and functional polymorphisms that determine traits of agronomic, aesthetic, and evolutionary interest.
In this case, the cells which survive culture with doxorubicin, mitoxantrone or other drugs are highly enriched in cells with CSC markers and functional features.
While putative dormant stem cell populations have been observed in situ in both the skin and the intestine using the classical BrdU-label retaining cell assay [4], their precise phenotypic characterization has been elusive due to the lack of specific surface markers and functional assays for these organs.
Cross sectional studies have identified significant association between increased inflammatory markers and functional disability [ 7, 8].
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