Expression of genes marking differentiation towards each embryonic germ layer: ectoderm (NCAM, Nestin), mesoderm (SMA, Desmin) or endoderm (Troma-1) was then monitored.
The authors do point out, however, that the lack of marked sexual differentiation of the BSTc volume before birth and in childhood does not rule out early gonadal steroid effects on BSTc functions.
Available phenotypic data on Z. vivipara in the region provides some support for this hypothesis, and analysis of morphological traits has revealed marked phenotypic differentiation of Cantabrian populations with respect to those in the Basque Country and Pyrenees [ 43].
Thus while there is less marked anatomical differentiation of the two feedback pathways in humans, it remains possible (and perhaps likely) that the two functions are mediated by different neurones.
The genes cotB and ecmB are often used to mark the differentiation of prespore and prestalk cell-types, respectively [ 19].
Further resetting of epigenetic marks accompanies differentiation of many specialized cell types of the body as well as placenta and other transient structures during pregnancy, and subsequent development of body structures during various postnatal stages of development.
Immunostaining for a range of hindbrain neuronal subtypes, specifically motor neurons, 5HT neurons, GABA-ergic neurons and Mauthner neurons, revealed a failure of 5HT neuronal differentiation marked by absence of 5HT expression (Fig. 1A).
