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We investigated associations between plasma concentrations of oxidized LDL, von Willebrand factor and PAI-1 and markers of chronic exposure (carbon load of airway macrophages and distance from residence to major roads) using stepwise linear regression in which we set p = 0.15 for the independent variables to enter and to stay in the model.
Based on this strong spatial gradient in pollutant concentrations, measuring proximity to major roads using GIS has become a widely employed alternative to actual exposure monitoring.
We used Pearson correlation analysis to explore the relationship between school CO ,PM concentrations, traffic counts, and distance to major roads using SPSS version 12.0.
We next estimated the multivariate adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for preterm birth or term LBW according to major roads using a logistic regression model.
Based on this strong spatial gradient in pollutant concentrations, measuring proximity of children's residences or school locations to major roads using GIS has become a widely employed alternative to actual exposure monitoring.
Indicator variables were also used to evaluate distances from major roads using the following categories: block groups ≥1 mile from a U.S. highway and ≥10 miles from an interstate; block groups < 1 mile from a U.S. highway or < 10 miles from an interstate; and block groups < 1 mile from a U.S. highway and < 10 miles from an interstate (referent).
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"Major roads" were defined as DMTI road categories 3 (secondary highways, typically thoroughfares with multiple lanes and large traffic capacity) and 4 (major roads, used for shorter trips within the city), with average traffic counts of 15,000 and 18,000 vehicles/day.
We computed the distance to the nearest road with > 1,000 trucks daily ("major road") using the geoprocessing extension available for ArcView GIS 3.2 (Environmental Systems Research Institute Inc., Redlands, CA).
We also calculated odds for a simpler traffic metric, distance of residence to major road, using either linear- or log-distance.
We assessed residential proximity to the nearest major road using digitalized maps (ArcView) and daily traffic counts for 2000 [obtained by request from North Rhine-Westphalia State AgeNaturer NaturEnvironmentent and Consumer Protection (LANUV), Recklinghausen, Germany].
It was once a major road used by those in the Midwest, Tennessee, Kentucky and Georgia to journey to Florida before major interstates like I-4 and I-75 were built, says Mike Camarano, a senior cartographer with AAA.
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