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The majority of CRCs display one of two major genomic instability phenotypes, microsatellite instability (MSI) or chromosomal instability with microsatellite stability (MSS; Abdel-Rahman et al, 2001).
These cells have increased sensitivity to DNA-damaging agents that eventually result in major genomic instability and cell death.
The two major genomic instability pathways are the "traditional" chromosomal instability (CIN), or aneuploidy pathway, and the microsatellite instability (MSI) pathway [ 8- 11].
Recently, a novel approach for cancer therapy involved alterations to the double strand breaks (DSBs) repair processes by which the cancerous cells with dysfunctional DNA repair pathways to accumulate high levels of DNA damage that eventually resulted in major genomic instability and cell death [ 31- 35].
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MSI and CIN signaling pathways are two major mechanisms of genomic instability in CRC [ 4].
The consequences of replication arrest are highly dramatic and now recognized as major source of genomic instability in all organisms.
Two major mechanisms of genomic instability have been identified that give rise to colorectal carcinoma development and progression: chromosomal instability (CIN) and microsatellite instability (MIN).
They are also consistent with deregulation of E2F being a major contributor to genomic instability affecting numbers of copy number transitions and amplifications.
Aberrant hypomethylation, particularly when occurring at repetitive elements, including structural repeats and transposable sequences, is a common feature of cancer cells, and it is a major cause of genomic instability.
While this extreme DUF1220 copy number increase has been linked to the evolutionary expansion of the human brain [ 16, 17], the many interspersed and tandem DUF1220 paralogs in the 1q21 region are thought to be major contributors to 1q21 genomic instability leading to numerous disorders [ 16].
Effects receiving major attention worldwide now include genomic instability and bystander effects.
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