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Mesenchymal stem cells that reside in bone marrow could maintain stemness and proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells, as well as support hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (Li and Wu, 2011).
Since the postnatal dentate stem cells require Shh signaling to maintain stemness and division (Ahn and Joyner, 2005; Choe and Pleasure, 2012), the dentate stem cell niche should employ ways of supplying Shh from different sources after establishing the stem cells in the germinal area before birth.
Although yet not examined, it appears most likely that morphogens are transported in the renal niche this way, at the correct site and time, and in sufficient amount to maintain stemness and to initiate nephron induction (Fig. 6.3) [88, 88, 117].
In MSCs, Wnt/β-catenin (i.e., canonical) signaling is also important to maintain stemness and multipotency [60] [62].
To conclude, in a subset of BC cells, namely RR cells, YB-1 regulates Sox2 to coordinately maintain stemness and tumorigenic properties.
Thus, the inhibitory effect of DKK1 would maintain stemness and inappropriate persistent DKK1 and BMI-1 expression would ultimately lead to malignant transformation, by keeping the cells in an undifferentiated, "stem-like" cellular state.
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Many studies described how the niche and the stem cell interact through tissue-specific molecular signaling in maintaining stemness and inducing expansion of the stem cell population.
Sox2 regulates expression of multiple genes, especially stable expression of Oct-3/4, which is also a transcription factor that maintains stemness and pluripotency in normal stem cells.
However, how exactly Snail family members exert their role in maintaining stemness and what their target genes are in different adult stem cell contexts remains largely unexplored.
More importantly, constitutive expression of Sox2 maintains stemness and inhibits neuronal differentiation (Graham et al, 2003).
Several functions of SS18 SSX have previously been reported, such as maintaining stemness and inducing spherical morphology.
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