Sentence examples for low levels of structure from inspiring English sources

The overall similarity of levels of genetic variation and low levels of structure in V. maculifrons and V. squamosa stand in contrast to expectations derived from other studies of social hymenopteran parasites.

Pairwise comparisons indicate low levels of structure at the eastern edge of the range distinguishing Marquesas and Moorea (Table 2) but no structure across the entire central Pacific from Kiritimati to Lizard Island (Table 2).

A family-based approach would be more powerful when the population structure is significant, as in African-Americans, while the approach based on the typing of unlinked markers would be more efficient for populations with low levels of structure, as in Europeans [ 60].

However, every individual sampled is estimated, in some proportion, to be assigned to each of these three clusters (yellow, orange and blue) (Fig.  3) suggesting low levels of structure, and consequently high levels of gene flow or genetic similarity in 1997 and 2004.

Genome-wide microsatellite (n = 671) analysis showed no detectable level of population structure between SAC and Peruvian populations (measure of population differentiation FST = 0.006) and low levels of structure between SAC and HGDP populations (FST < 0.055 for all pairs of populations compared).

The DGRP lines are drawn from a natural population in Raleigh, North Carolina, with large effective size, as shown by the relatively low level of structure within the population.

The field observations were direct (no time delay between occurrence and registration) and theory-building with a low level of structure for data gathering [ 29, 33].

Although the FST values for jungle cat were relatively low (as compared to the leopard cat) they were significant and showed a low level of structuring which was not at all captured in the very shallow and unresolved phylogenetic tree and this could be a consequence of short and insufficient sequence lengths.

Low levels of genetic structure of populations in historically glaciated regions, versus relatively high structure in unglaciated regions, is a signature of postglacial recolonisation that has been demonstrated in a wide range of marine and terrestrial taxa (reviewed by [ 20- 24]).

The absence of population structure between the Peruvian groups and SAC (and the low levels of population structure between SAC and the HGDP Native American groups) indicates that the difference cannot be explained by population differentiation attributed to genetic drift.

Recolonisation of the subantarctic was inferred from extremely low levels of genetic structure among bull-kelp populations throughout this region, versus high levels of genetic structure in glacial refugia (e.g., New Zealand).