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The worst-affected nations had high levels of foreign currency debt and insufficient reserves with which to fight the speculators.
imprimatur, Hungary's short-term funding needs and high levels of foreign currency debt increase the risk of a financial crisis.
"High levels of foreign currency lending may have systemic consequences for the countries concerned as well as potential for cross-border contagion," the European Systemic Risk Board said in October.
After the Icelandic economy began to unwind, paying the price for its banks' aggressive international borrowing spree, the focus has now turned to Eastern and Central European countries, whose high levels of foreign currency borrowing has set off investor alarm bells.
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"Even with the highest savings rate in the world, even with the highest level of foreign currency reserves in the world, it's still unsustainable," Asher said in a telephone interview from London.
6.32pm GMT Newly minted prime minister Arseny Yatseniuk has accused Yanukovych of making $37 billion disappear from state coffers, Reuters reports: With the hryvnia currency in freefall and concerns about the low level of foreign currency reserves growing, said the country urgently needed loans from the International Monetary Fund, which is visiting Kiev next week.
The high level of foreign currency debt taken out by corporations and individuals in countries such as Hungary has proved devastating, as collapsing currencies have led to soaring default rates.
In addition, retail investors' direct share of Japan's foreign-currency market may be 20-30%, whereas individuals' holdings of foreign currency exceed foreigners' holdings of Japanese securities.
That has left the nation's cache of foreign currency at its lowest level in almost six years — troubling a government in Beijing that needs the money to stabilize its currency and maintain good standing with the International Monetary Fund.
The level of interest rates, the reliance on foreign borrowers, refinancing needs, the size of government deficits and the stockpiles of foreign currency that can be used to push back market pressures all play a role.
For the moment, I don't see a good reason to believe that the bursting of this particular bubble will be catastrophic — what made the Asian crisis of 1997-8 so bad was the high level of foreign-currency denominated debt, and that seems less of an issue now.
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levels of foreign exchange
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