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Transgene expression from the plastid (chloroplast) genome provides unique advantages, including high levels of foreign protein accumulation, convenient transgene stacking in operons, and increased biosafety due to exclusion of plastids from pollen transmission [1, 2].
Chicken hepatoma cells (CH-SAH) infected with recFAdV-9s carrying either CAG or EF1α promoters expressed higher levels of foreign protein than those infected with recFAdV-9 carrying the CMV promoter.
A series of vectors (the pEAQ series) based on cowpea mosaic virus has been developed which allows the rapid transient expression of high levels of foreign protein in plants without the need for viral replication.
To achieve high levels of foreign protein accumulation, diverse endogenous and chimeric promoters have been developed.
Another advantage of expressing heterologous proteins fused to TrxA is the high solubility of this bacterial protein, the result of which is that TrxA internally chaperones the recombinant protein fused to it thus keeping it in solution and allowing for higher levels of foreign protein accumulation in the cytoplasm [40].
The ability to express high levels of foreign protein, particularly those of clinical interest, makes plant plastids an attractive target for biotechnology.
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In several cases, the animals produce decent levels of foreign proteins for many months, and their immune systems tolerate the added genes.
High levels of foreign proteins have been obtained via expression through the chloroplast genome.
High expression levels of foreign proteins in E. coli often lead to their accumulation in intracellular inclusion bodies.
The codon optimization technique has been widely used to increase the expression levels of foreign proteins in P. pastoris[ 16, 17], but not always successfully, and there is no related report about pectate lyases yet.
However, low expression/accumulation levels of foreign proteins in transgenic plants have unfortunately been the norm rather than the exception, despite an obvious, and rather natural, bias in the literature to focus on the latter (for a comprehensive case study see Diehn et al [ 40]).
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