The Spanish economy began to industrialize in the late 18th century, and industrialization and economic growth continued throughout the 19th century.
Japan and the Soviet Union (until its dissolution in 1991) suggested, in their different ways, that there was a general pattern of late development appropriate to all those nations that attempted to industrialize in the shadow of already formidable industrial powers.
Hence the dilemma of the last tsars: they had to industrialize in order to maintain Russia as a great power, yet industrialization, by calling into being a large technical and managerial class and an urban proletariat, also undermined the social basis of the dynasty.
As such, he became one of the most powerful men in western Europe, and he was credited with helping industrialize postwar Italy.
But he also objected to Khrushchev's insistence that Romania abandon its headlong drive to industrialize and, instead, accept the more modest role of supplier of agricultural products and raw materials to the designated "industrial powers" of Comecon.
Taking their lead from the Soviet Union following the Russian Revolution of 1917, many developing countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin America sought to industrialize according to economic plans drawn up by political elites and stringently imposed on their populations.
Moreover, long-term trends suggest that, as societies industrialize and modernize, social class becomes increasingly important compared with the role of school-related factors in determining educational outcomes and occupational attainment.
Although Britain had been the first country to industrialize, the developments in Germany and Austria originally attracted little British interest because of an aversion to state intervention, an apparently lesser likelihood of revolution, and the slower development of British socialism.
The process was ultimately undertaken in conjunction with the campaign to industrialize the Soviet Union rapidly.
The fund spent $20 billion between 1950 and 1980, but it did not industrialize southern Italy.
Although much of Beijing's older and more picturesque character has been destroyed in the drive since 1949 to modernize and industrialize, some parts of the city are still redolent of the past.
