Shallow rooting depths in gravel-rich soils and an inflexible, top-heavy canopy structure make individuals especially prone to windthrown mortality during storms.
Others lean like arch-backed old men reaching across the water, their heavy foliage forming an impenetrable canopy of olive-green shade.
Under this heavy shade, cocoa yields and revenues are low, whereas in a full sun (or zero-shade) mature cocoa farm yields are usually higher than those below a dense canopy, at least for some years.
Mr. Lanus said he admired the trees' heavy, leafy canopy -- the largest of them reached the top of the building.
Many parts of the island are covered by heavy jungle canopy, so even getting a satellite signal can be tricky.
Recovery from heavy partial canopy removal was markedly faster than recovery after stand-replacing disturbance.
The linear regression is less biased, and more precisely and accurately reconstructs heavy tree canopy cover than the multiple multivariate model.
