More intensive management utilizing canopy manipulations could produce greater trade-offs, but is likely necessary to establish and release oak regeneration.
Site-intensive biophysical and canopy structural measurements were made simultaneously at each of the Cerrado types including Cerrado grassland, shrub Cerrado, wooded Cerrado, Cerrado woodland, and gallery forest.
On the other hand, under selected conditions, such as low-density stands or species with open tree canopies, intensive management with repeated entries can facilitate survival and growth of light-demanding species, e.g., small-group uneven-aged management in Mediterranean pine forests (Ciancio et al. 1986; Barbeito et al. 2008; Calama et al. 2008).
In response, multi-canopy intensive silvopastoral systems (ISS), which includes herbs, shrubs and trees, have been developed to provide local fodder sources for livestock while reducing the need for external inputs with a goal to conserve landscapes and improve soil quality.
We used a single-beam, first return profiling LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) measurements of canopy height, intensive biometric measurements in plots, and Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) data to quantify forest structure and ladder fuels (defined as vertical fuel continuity between the understory and canopy) in the New Jersey Pinelands.
Few green roof studies cover intensive and tropical types and specific canopy microclimate.
It is important to note, however, that canopy fogging was the most intensive mode of sampling in our study (100 sites, each repeated 9 times, compared to our combined ground-sampling methodologies of 60 sites, no repetition).
Cultural practices for canopy management in grapevines rely on intensive manipulation of shoot architecture to maintain canopy light levels.
However, vegetation sampling over large areas from a sufficient density of field plots to quantify fine-grained heterogeneity in canopy structure is logistically difficult, labor-intensive, time-consuming and costly, particularly in remote areas of tropical forests.
LIDAR and field measurements of canopy height were similar in the three intensive study areas, with the 80th percentile of LIDAR returns explaining the greatest amount of variability (79%).
